What is chamomile? Definition, benefits and uses
What is chamomile ? It is a herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae, recognized since antiquity for its daisy-like flowers and powerful medicinal properties.
According to the NCCIH , chamomile is one of the most consumed medicinal plants in the world, with more than 1 million cups of infusion drunk every day worldwide according to the NCCIH [1].
- Two main species are used in natural health: Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) and German chamomile or matricaria (Matricaria chamomilla).
- Its flowers containessential oil, flavonoids and apigenins.
- It supports sleep, digestion, stress management and skin health.
- It is used in herbal teas, essential oils, creams and dietary supplements.
- Its use is recognized by theEMA for several therapeutic indications.
What exactly is chamomile? Botanical definition
What is chamomile from a scientific point of view? It is a group of annual or perennial herbaceous plants belonging to the Asteraceae. Their flowers resemble small daisies: white petals radiating around a yellow center.
The term "chamomile" actually refers to several distinct species. The two most commonly used in herbal medicine are:
- Chamaemelum nobile (Roman chamomile): perennial, native to Western Europe, slightly more bitter.
- Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile or matricaria): annual, more widespread in the world, rich in azulene.
A third species, Anthemis tinctoria (dyer's chamomile), is used in cosmetics for its yellow pigments. To learn more about the differences between species, see our guide: Roman chamomile or German chamomile: which to choose?
Chemical composition: what makes chamomile so effective
What is chamomile from a biochemical point of view? A remarkably rich plant. Its dried flowers concentrate several families of active molecules with complementary effects.
| Active ingredient | Chemical family | Main effect |
|---|---|---|
| Apigenin | Flavonoid | Calming, sleep, anti-anxiety |
| Azulene (chamazulene) | Sesquiterpene | Anti-inflammatory, healing |
| Alpha-bisabolol | Sesquiterpenol | Soothing, anti-irritant for the skin |
| Chlorogenic acid | Phenolic acid | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory |
| Quercetin | Flavonoid | Antioxidant, immunomodulator |
| Coumarins | Lactones | Antispasmodic, mildly sedative |
A study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry () confirmed that apigenin binds to GABA in the brain, explaining the calming effect of the plant according to this PubMed study [2].
5 proven benefits: what is chamomile in natural health?
What is chamomile if not a plant with multiple virtues? Here are the effects best documented by scientific research.
1. Improved sleep
Apigenin, found in chamomile, binds to GABA-A receptors in the brain. This effect is similar, albeit less intense, to that of benzodiazepines. A study published in the Journal of Advanced Nursing () showed a significant improvement in sleep quality in postpartum women after two weeks of daily chamomile tea [3].
To compare chamomile to linden on this specific topic, read our article "Linden or chamomile for sleep: which to choose?".
2. Digestive support
Chamomile is a well-known digestive antispasmodic. It reduces intestinal cramps, bloating, and colon spasms. TheEMA has validated its traditional use for mild digestive disorders in its official monograph.
3. Stress and anxiety reduction
A randomized clinical trial published in Phytomedicine () evaluated the effect of a chamomile extract on GAD.Participants showed a significant reduction in symptoms after 8 weeks [4]. Many readers report that the evening tea helps them unwind after a busy day.
4. Anti-inflammatory properties
Chamazulene and alpha-bisabolol inhibit the production of prostaglandins . These effects are helpful in cases of menstrual pain, mild arthritis, or skin inflammation.
5. Skin Health
Alpha-bisabolol accelerates healing and reduces redness. It is widely used in dermocosmetics for sensitive skin, mild eczema, and irritations. To learn more about its uses for hair, see our guide on which chamomile to use to lighten hair.
What is the difference between Roman chamomile and German chamomile?
What is Roman chamomile compared to German chamomile? These two species share common properties but differ in several essential points.
- Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile): more bitter flavour, rich in esters, ideal in aromatherapy and as a soothing herbal tea.
- Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla): richer in chamazulene (azulene), more anti-inflammatory, preferred in medical herbal medicine.
- Chamomile is the species most studied scientifically in clinical trials.
- Both are effective as herbal teas; as essential oils, their profiles differ significantly.
To choose the right species for your herbal tea, our article "Which chamomile for herbal tea?" guides you step by step.
How to use chamomile? The 4 main forms
What is chamomile in terms of practical use? It comes in several forms adapted to different needs.
- Herbal tea (infusion) : 1 to 2 tablespoons of dried flowers in 250 ml of boiling water, infuse for 5 to 10 minutes. This is the most popular and best-studied form.
- Essential oil : used in a diffuser, in massage diluted in a carrier oil (2 to 3%), or by inhalation. To master its use, consult our complete guide onhow to use Roman chamomile essential oil.
- Standardized extract (capsules) : standardized for apigenin, used in clinical studies on anxiety and sleep. Typical dosage: 200 to 1100 mg/day depending on the study.
- Topical application (cream, gel) : for irritated skin, mild eczema and wound healing.
To find out the optimal daily dose of herbal tea, our article "How much chamomile tea per day" answers this question precisely.
Where can I buy quality chamomile?
What constitutes quality chamomile? It's chamomile whose flowers are harvested at the right stage, dried at low temperatures, and stored away from light. Several criteria help in making the right choice.
- Opt for whole dried flowers rather than crushed industrial sachets.
- Look for an AB or equivalent European certification.
- Check the origin: Central European chamomile (Hungary, Germany) is renowned for its richness in chamazulene.
- Avoid products without an indicated harvest date: the flowers lose their active ingredients after 12 to 18 months.
Our guide to where to buy chamomile for infusion compares the best sources available in France.
What is chamomile for digestion? What science says
What is the role of chamomile in gastroenterology? It's a natural antispasmodic and carminative. Its coumarins and flavonoids relax the smooth muscles of the intestine, reducing cramps and facilitating the expulsion of gas.
ANSESa well-established traditional use for functional digestive disorders [5]. It is particularly indicated for:
- Post-prandial bloating
- Infant colic (external use in abdominal massage)
- Mild irritable bowel syndrome
- Mild nausea
- Superficial gastritis
To understand all of its benefits, our article "Why is chamomile good?" details each mechanism of action.
Precautions, contraindications and drug interactions
What is the safety profile of chamomile? It is a plant that is generally well tolerated, but requires some important precautions.
- Allergy to Asteraceae : absolute contraindication. People allergic to ragweed, chrysanthemum or echinacea should avoid chamomile.
- Pregnancy : Internal use is not recommended during the first trimester. The essential oil is contraindicated throughout the entire pregnancy.
- Anticoagulants : Chamomile may potentiate the effect of warfarin. Medical supervision is necessary.
- Sedatives and anxiolytics : possible additive effect with benzodiazepines and antihistamines.
- Infants under 6 months : avoid internal use without medical advice.
The MSD Manual notes that allergic skin reactions to chamomile, although rare, are possible and can be severe in sensitized individuals.
What is the role of chamomile in history and traditions?
What is chamomile throughout the ages? One of humanity's oldest medicinal plants. The ancient Egyptians dedicated it to the sun god Ra and used it to treat fevers. The Greeks called it khamaimelon, meaning "potato," in reference to its fragrance.
In the Middle Ages, it was found in every monastic garden in Europe. Hildegard of Bingen recommended it for headaches and nervous disorders. Today, it remains one of the best-selling plants in Europe for herbal medicine.
What is chamomile in aromatherapy?
What is chamomile when it is distilled into essential oil? A concentrate of active ingredients with amplified properties. Roman chamomile essential oil is one of the most precious and expensive on the market, due to its low distillation yield.
- It contains up to 85% esters (isobutyl angelate, isoamyl angelate) with powerful antispasmodic effects.
- It is used in a diffuser for stress and sleep management.
- When applied to the skin in a diluted form, it treats sensitive skin and allergic reactions.
- Its sweet and fruity fragrance makes it a choice ingredient in natural perfumery.
What is chamomile for children and babies?
What is the role of chamomile in pediatric care? It's a plant traditionally used for colic, teething, and sleep disturbances in children. However, strict precautions are necessary.
TheEFSA and pediatricians recommend avoiding chamomile tea for infants under 6 months. For older children, a very weak infusion (1 teaspoon of flowers per 250 ml) can be used occasionally, always after consulting a doctor. The essential oil is contraindicated for children under 6 years.
Key takeaways
What is chamomile, in short? An exceptional medicinal plant, documented by centuries of traditional use and dozens of modern clinical studies. What is chamomile if not a natural ally for sleep, digestion, and daily serenity?
To experience its benefits, start with an herbal tea made from whole organic flowers, 1 to 2 cups per day, preferably in the evening. Consult your doctor if you are taking anticoagulants or sedatives.
- What is chamomile? A herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae family, used since ancient times for its medicinal properties.
- What is chamomile chemically? A concentrate of apigenin, chamazulene and alpha-bisabolol with proven soothing, anti-inflammatory and digestive effects.
- What is chamomile in practice? A plant that can be used as an herbal tea, essential oil, capsules or for topical application as needed.
- What is the safety profile of chamomile? It is a well-tolerated plant, but contraindicated in cases of allergy to Asteraceae and should be monitored with anticoagulants.
- What is chamomile for your daily health? One of the most accessible and best-documented medicinal plants for natural well-being.
Frequently asked questions about what chamomile is
What exactly is chamomile?
What is chamomile? It's a herbaceous plant with white and yellow flowers, belonging to the Asteraceae family, used in herbal medicine for its soothing, digestive, and anti-inflammatory properties. The two main species are Roman chamomile and German chamomile.
What is the difference between chamomile and German chamomile?
Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) is perennial and more bitter. German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) is annual, richer in chamazulene, and more anti-inflammatory. Both are effective as herbal teas, but their essential oil profiles differ markedly.
What is chamomile and what is it used for?
What is chamomile used for? It is mainly used to improve sleep, reduce anxiety, relieve digestive problems (bloating, cramps), soothe skin inflammations and support the immune system thanks to its antioxidants.
Is chamomile good for sleep?
Yes. Apigenin in chamomile binds to GABA-A receptors in the brain, inducing a mild sedative effect. A published in the Journal of Advanced Nursing confirmed an improvement in sleep quality after two weeks of daily chamomile tea.
Is it safe to drink chamomile tea every day?
Yes, for most healthy adults. One to three cups a day are generally well tolerated. It is advisable to take regular breaks (one week per month) and to consult a doctor if you are taking other medications.
Is chamomile contraindicated during pregnancy?
Internal use is not recommended during the first trimester as a precaution. Chamomile essential oil is contraindicated throughout pregnancy. Always consult your doctor or midwife before using any medicinal plants during pregnancy.
What is chamomile for the skin?
What is chamomile's role in dermatology? It's a natural skin soother. Its alpha-bisabolol reduces redness, accelerates healing, and calms irritation. It's recommended for sensitive skin, mild eczema, and sunburn.
What are the side effects of chamomile?
Side effects are rare. The main ones are allergic reactions in people sensitive to Asteraceae, excessive drowsiness in case of overdose, and interactions with anticoagulants. Medical consultation is recommended if you have any doubts.
Does chamomile help you lose weight?
Chamomile is not a fat burner. However, it can indirectly support weight loss by improving sleep (a key factor in hormonal regulation), reducing stress (often linked to snacking), and supporting digestion.
Is it safe to give chamomile to a baby?
Internal use is not recommended before 6 months. Between 6 months and 3 years, a very weak herbal tea can be used occasionally with medical advice. Essential oils are contraindicated in children under 6 years. Always consult your pediatrician.
What is chamomile in aromatherapy?
What is distilled chamomile? It's a precious essential oil, particularly Roman chamomile, rich in soothing esters. It's used in a diffuser for stress and sleep, and applied topically in a diluted form for sensitive skin and muscle pain.
Where can I buy good quality chamomile?
Opt for herbalists, certified organic stores, and shops specializing in herbal medicine. Look for dried whole flowers with organic certification and a visible harvest date. Avoid industrially produced packets without traceability.
Key takeaways
So what exactly is chamomile? It's one of the most comprehensive and well-documented medicinal plants in the world. Soothing, digestive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant, it fully deserves a place in your natural wellness routine. What is chamomile if not a botanical treasure accessible to everyone, whether as an herbal tea, essential oil, or dietary supplement?
Concrete action: Start tonight with a cup of organic chamomile flower tea, steeped for 7 minutes at 90°C. Observe its effect on your sleep quality for 2 weeks.
Sources and studies
- Chamomile — Fact Sheet for Health Professionals — NCCIH,
- Apigenin, a natural flavonoid, attenuates depressive-like behavior in rats — Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
- Chamomile tea improves sleep quality in postnatal women — Journal of Advanced Nursing,
- Long-term chamomile therapy of generalized anxiety disorder — Phytomedicine,
- Plants with well-established traditional uses — Chamomile — ANSES,
This article is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before use.
