Chamomile origin: where does this ancient plant come from?

Chamomile origin : this medicinal plant is native to the Mediterranean basin and the Near East, from where it gradually spread throughout Europe and temperate Asia over the centuries.

• Two main species dominate medicinal use: German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile).
• Its original range covers the Near East, the Mediterranean basin and North Africa.
• Roman chamomile has an Atlantic distribution, from Portugal to Scotland.
• Used for millennia in traditional medicine, it is now regulated by European health authorities.
• A document from ANSES mentions the traditional use of German chamomile as an infusion.

1. What is chamomile? Definition and botanical families

Chamomile refers to several plants with white and yellow flowers belonging to the Asteraceae. The term mainly encompasses two distinct medicinal species, often confused in commerce.

German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla, also called true chamomile or matricaria) and Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) share similar flower heads but differ in their chemical composition, geographical distribution and uses.

A third species, feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), is sometimes cited in phytotherapeutic literature, but it belongs to a different botanical genus and has a distinct profile of active compounds.

2. Chamomile geographical origin: Mediterranean and Near East

Chamomile originated several millennia ago and is primarily located in the Mediterranean basin and the Near East. From these regions, the plant gradually spread to northern and eastern Europe, then to temperate Asia and North Africa.

German chamomile is considered native to central and southern Europe, as well as temperate Asia. It grows naturally in fields, roadsides, and disturbed areas, which has facilitated its rapid spread through human migrations and the plant trade.

Roman chamomile, on the other hand, has an Atlantic distribution: it is found from Portugal to Scotland, including France, Belgium, and the British Isles. In France, it grows wild in several regions of the west and center of the country.

3. History of chamomile: a plant used since antiquity

The history of chamomile is closely linked to the history of traditional European and Middle Eastern medicine. This plant is among the oldest documented remedies in herbal medicine texts.

Its medicinal use is attested in the folk traditions of many Mediterranean and European peoples. The dried flower heads were used to prepare infusions intended to relieve digestive disorders, spasms, and mild restlessness.

The spread of chamomile across Europe accelerated with the development of medieval monasteries, which cultivated medicinal herb gardens. This plant held a prominent place there due to its ease of cultivation and the diversity of its traditional uses. To learn more about its historical and current uses, see our article on the benefits of chamomile.

4. Chamomile origin: the two main medicinal species

Understanding the origins of chamomile involves clearly distinguishing between the two most commonly used species in herbal medicine. Their botanical, geographical, and chemical profiles differ in several key aspects.

5. Roman chamomile: a specific Atlantic distribution

Roman chamomile is a perennial plant whose geographical distribution is clearly delimited by the Atlantic regions of Western Europe. It is found naturally from Portugal to Scotland, along the Atlantic coast of the European continent.

In France, this species grows wild in meadows, lawns, and grassy areas in the west and center of the country. It is also cultivated in several regions, notably in Anjou, which has a long history of producing this aromatic plant.

Its essential oil is particularly valued in aromatherapy for its soothing properties. To learn more, discover our complete guide to Roman chamomile essential oil.

6. German chamomile: the most widespread species in the world

German chamomile is the most widely cultivated and traded species globally. Its origin covers a vast area ranging from Central Europe to temperate Asia, including North Africa and the Mediterranean regions.

Its ability to adapt to varied growing conditions and its high productivity make it a widely cultivated plant in many countries of Eastern Europe, South America, and Asia. The dried flower heads are exported worldwide for the preparation of herbal infusions and extracts.

A document from ANSES mentions the traditional use of German chamomile as an infusion. To discover how to prepare a quality infusion, see our article on chamomile flower infusion.

7. Chemical composition and active ingredients of chamomile

Chamomile's richness in active ingredients explains its age-old use and current scientific interest. The two main medicinal species share some compounds but are distinguished by characteristic molecules.

The main compounds identified in the flower heads include:

• Flavonoids apigenin , luteolin, quercetin) with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
• Essential oils , the composition of which varies according to the species.
• Chamazulene, present in German chamomile, is responsible for the blue color of its distilled essential oil.
• Alpha-bisabolol, known for its soothing effects on the digestive mucous membranes.
• Phenolic acids and coumarins in small quantities.

The presence of coumarin derivatives in certain medicinal plants, including chamomile, is the subject of particular attention from health authorities. An opinion from ANSESemphasizes the need to distinguish between different coumarin derivatives of natural or artificial origin, according to their specific characteristics [2].

8. Chamomile: Origin and Recognized Traditional Uses

The traditional use of chamomile is one of the best documented in European herbal medicine. This plant is mentioned in numerous national pharmacopoeias and is subject to regular evaluations by health authorities.

The most documented traditional uses include:

• Relief from mild digestive disorders (bloating, intestinal spasms, gastric discomfort).
• Soothing mild states of agitation and difficulty falling asleep.
• Topical application to soothe minor skin irritations.
• Use as a gargle for mouth and throat irritations.

For throat problems in particular, chamomile has been used for centuries both internally and externally. Discover how it can help in our article on chamomile for sore throats.

9. Chamomile in contemporary scientific research

Chamomile has been the subject of sustained scientific interest for several decades. Research focuses primarily on its anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and anxiolytic properties.

This type of research illustrates the growing interest in traditional medicinal plants in contemporary care protocols.

Current scientific research is particularly focused on apigenin, a flavonoid found in chamomile, for its potential effects on the central nervous system. This research is part of a broader effort to scientifically validate the traditional uses of this ancient plant.

10. How to use chamomile: forms and methods of preparation

Chamomile is available in several forms, each suited to specific uses. The choice of form depends on the desired outcome and the target population.

• Infusion: the most traditional form, made from dried flower heads. ANSESspecifies dosages according to age for German chamomile [1].
• Mother tincture: concentrated hydroalcoholic extract, used in herbal medicine.
• Essential oil: obtained by steam distillation of the flower heads, used in aromatherapy and in diluted topical application.
• Macerated vegetable oil: flower heads macerated in a carrier vegetable oil, used for skin care.
• Standardized dry extracts: in capsule or tablet form, for precise dosage.

To explore the properties of the oil derived from this plant, consult our guide on chamomile oil. If you would like to discover the benefits of dried chamomile in detail, our article on dried chamomile and its benefits will provide you with further information.

11. Precautions and contraindications to know

Despite its generally favorable safety profile, chamomile can pose risks in certain situations. Understanding its origin and chemical composition helps in understanding these precautions.

• Asteraceae allergies: people allergic to plants in this family (ragweed, chrysanthemum, arnica) may react to chamomile.
• Pregnancy: use in large quantities is not recommended as a precaution, in the absence of sufficient data on safety.
• A document from ANSES mentions the traditional use of German chamomile as an infusion.
• Drug interactions: caution is advised in the case of anticoagulant treatment, due to the presence of coumarins [2].
• Product quality: it is essential to check the exact species on the label, as the two main species have different profiles.

To fully enjoy the benefits of this plant in beverage form, our article on chamomile tea guides you through the selection and preparation. You will also find a complete summary in our article on the benefits of chamomile infusion.

12. Chamomile origin and cultivation: where is it produced today?

From its original home in the Mediterranean and Near East, chamomile is now cultivated on all temperate continents. Its cultivation has developed in Central and Eastern Europe, South America and Asia, in response to growing global demand.

The quality of the plant varies depending on soil and climate conditions, cultivation practices, and drying methods. Flower heads harvested at full bloom and dried quickly at low temperatures have the highest concentration of active ingredients.

In France, Roman chamomile production remains a specialty of certain regions in the west of the country, while German chamomile is mainly imported from Central and Eastern Europe to meet the needs of the domestic market.

13. Chamomile origin: what the health authorities say

A document from ANSES mentions the traditional use of German chamomile as an infusion.

These institutional references reinforce the scientific credibility of this ancient plant.

14. Choosing your chamomile: criteria for quality and authenticity

Given the diversity of products available on the market, choosing a quality chamomile requires knowing some essential criteria related to its origin and processing.

• Species identification: check that the Latin name appears on the packaging (Matricaria chamomilla or Chamaemelum nobile).
• Part of the plant used: the flower heads are the recognized medicinal part, to be distinguished from the stems and leaves.
• Geographical origin: clear traceability of the origin of chamomile is a guarantee of quality and conformity.
• Drying method: low temperature drying preserves essential oils and flavonoids.
• Organic certification: it limits the presence of pesticide residues in the final product.
• Packaging: opaque and airtight packaging protects the active ingredients from light and moisture.

Frequently asked questions about the origin of chamomile

Where did chamomile originally come from?

Chamomile originated in the Mediterranean basin and the Near East. From these regions, it gradually spread to Central Europe, temperate Asia and North Africa over millennia.

What is the difference between German chamomile and Roman chamomile?

German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) is native to Central Europe and temperate Asia, while Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) has an Atlantic distribution, from Portugal to Scotland. Their chemical compositions and uses also differ.

Is chamomile native to France?

Roman chamomile grows wild in France, particularly in the western and central regions. However, its primary geographical origin is Atlantic and Mediterranean, not specifically French.

How long has chamomile been used in medicine?

The medicinal use of chamomile dates back several millennia. This plant is among the oldest documented remedies in Mediterranean and European medicinal traditions.

Where does chamomile grow naturally?

Chamomile origin determines its natural growing areas: fields, roadsides and disturbed areas of Central Europe for German chamomile; Atlantic meadows and grasslands for Roman chamomile.

Is chamomile recognized by the French health authorities?

Yes. A document from ANSES mentions the traditional use of German chamomile as an infusion.

What are the main active compounds in chamomile?

The main active compounds include flavonoids (including apigenin), essential oils (chamazulene, alpha-bisabolol), phenolic acids, and small amounts of coumarins. Their concentration varies depending on the species and growing conditions.

Is it safe to give chamomile to a baby?

A document from ANSES mentions the traditional use of German chamomile as an infusion. Always consult a healthcare professional before use.

Is chamomile the same as German chamomile?

German chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla ) is the common name for German chamomile . Both names refer to the same plant. Roman chamomile ( Chamaemelum nobile ) is a distinct species, despite a similar appearance.

Which chamomile should I choose for an infusion?

Both species are suitable for making an infusion, but German chamomile is the most widely used and best documented for digestive problems. Check that the Latin name is on the packaging and that the flower heads are indeed the part used.

Does the origin of the chamomile influence the quality of the product?

Yes. The soil and climate conditions of the growing area influence the concentration of active ingredients. Clear traceability of the chamomile's origin is an important quality criterion when purchasing it.

Are there any risks associated with consuming chamomile?

Chamomile can cause allergic reactions in people sensitive to Asteraceae. Caution is also advised for those taking anticoagulants, due to the presence of coumarins [2]. Consult a healthcare professional if you have any doubts.

Key takeaways

Chamomile, originating in the Mediterranean basin and the Near East, marks the beginning of a millennia-old medicinal history. Two main species—German chamomile and Roman chamomile—share the herbal medicine market, each with distinct botanical, geographical, and chemical profiles. Understanding chamomile's origins allows for better selection, use, and appreciation of this remarkable plant.

Concrete action: during your next purchase, check that the Latin name of the species appears on the packaging and that the geographical origin is clearly indicated — two essential guarantees of quality and authenticity.

Sources and studies

1. Opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) — German chamomile — ANSES, 2023
2. ANSES Opinion on the risk assessment of hepatotoxicity — coumarin derivatives — ANSES, 2021