Linden varieties: a complete guide to choosing the right one

Linden varieties : there are several dozen species and cultivars of linden in the world, but two large European species dominate — the small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata) and the large-leaved linden (Tilia platyphyllos) — in addition to numerous hybrids and ornamental cultivars widely cultivated in our gardens and cities.

• Tilia cordata is the most widespread species in Europe for its medicinal uses.
• Tilia platyphyllos is distinguished by its large leaves and early flowering.
• The silver linden (Tilia tomentosa) is highly valued for urban ornamentation.
• Many hybrids, such as Tilia × europaea, combine the characteristics of both parent species.
• The choice of variety depends on the intended use: herbal tea, shade, ornamental or hedge.

Why are we interested in varieties of linden tree?

The linden tree is one of Europe's most iconic trees. It can be found in parks, village avenues, private gardens, and traditional medicines. Yet, behind the common name "linden" lie dozens of species and cultivars with very different characteristics.

Choosing the right variety of linden tree ensures that the tree adapts to your soil, climate, and intended use. A linden tree planted for herbal tea is not necessarily the same as one chosen to shade a patio or structure a hedge.

Understanding the differences between linden varieties also allows you to better identify the trees you encounter in the forest or in the city, and to choose the flowers best suited to your homemade preparations. This guide presents the most important species, their botanical characteristics, and their main uses.

Tilia cordata: the small-leaved lime tree

Tilia cordata, the small-leaved linden, is undoubtedly the best-known and most widely used species in traditional herbal medicine. Its heart-shaped leaves, smaller than those of other species, gave it its Latin name (cordata means "heart-shaped"). It is one of the linden varieties most frequently harvested to prepare soothing herbal teas.

This tree can reach a considerable height and live for several centuries. It generally flowers a little later than the large-leaved linden, which extends the flower harvesting period. Its small, highly fragrant flowers are clustered in cymes accompanied by a characteristic pale green bract.

Tilia cordata adapts to a wide variety of soils, including calcareous and clay soils. It tolerates air pollution well, which explains its frequent presence in cities. Among the best-known cultivars of this species is 'Erecta', with its very upright habit, particularly prized for urban street plantings. Learn more about the Tilia cordata and its botanical characteristics.

Tilia platyphyllos: the large-leaved linden

Tilia platyphyllos, the large-leaved lime, is the second largest European species. Its leaves are significantly larger than those of Tilia cordata, and it flowers earlier in the season, generally in June. It is one of the most impressive lime varieties, reaching over twenty meters in height when mature.

The flowers of Tilia platyphyllos are also used in herbal teas, but their composition may differ slightly from that of Tilia cordata. The two species are often confused by non-specialists because they share a similar overall shape and flowers of a similar appearance.

To distinguish the two species, observe the underside of the leaves: in Tilia platyphyllos, there are tufts of reddish hairs in the axils of the veins, while in Tilia cordata, these tufts are whitish. This simple difference allows you to identify the linden varieties in the field, even without special equipment.

Tilia × europaea: the common hybrid linden

Tilia × europaea is a natural hybrid between Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos. It has been one of the most widely planted linden varieties in European parks and avenues for centuries. It exhibits characteristics intermediate between its two parents: a large size, medium-sized leaves, and flowering that occurs between those of the two parent species.

This hybrid linden is particularly vigorous and adapts to a wide range of soil and climate conditions. It is often recognized by the numerous suckers growing at the base of the trunk, a characteristic that distinguishes it from its parent species. These suckers should be regularly removed to maintain an attractive appearance.

Among the cultivars derived from this hybrid, 'Pallida' (or Tilia europaea Pallida) is highly prized for its slender form and beautiful branches. It is often used as an espalier or planted in rows along grand avenues. If you would like to learn more about the history and origin of this fascinating plant, discover the origin of the linden tree and its history in Europe.

Tilia tomentosa: the silver linden

Tilia tomentosa, the silver linden, is immediately distinguished by the underside of its leaves, covered in a very dense, silvery-white down. This characteristic gives it its common name and lends it a particularly decorative appearance when the wind makes the foliage shimmer. It is one of the most ornamental linden varieties.

The silver linden is native to southeastern Europe and Asia Minor. It is very drought-tolerant, making it a good choice for regions with hot, dry summers. It flowers later than other European species, often in July.

Caution: Silver linden flowers are known to attract bees in large numbers, but their nectar can, under certain conditions, have adverse effects on these insects. For this reason, it is best not to use Tilia tomentosa to prepare medicinal teas. For everything concerning the leaves of this particular species, see our article on silver linden leaves.

Tilia americana: the American linden tree

Tilia americana, sometimes called basswood or North American linden, is a species native to the Americas. Its leaves are among the largest in the genus Tilia, sometimes exceeding twenty centimeters in length. It is a large tree, highly valued in North American parks for its generous shade.

In Europe, this species is less common than native varieties, but it is sometimes planted in large parks for its ornamental value. Its flowers are also fragrant and attract bees. Among the exotic linden varieties introduced to Europe, Tilia americana remains one of the best known.

Its medicinal uses are less documented in Europe than those of Tilia cordata or Tilia platyphyllos. If you are considering planting this species in your garden, consult a nurseryman about its compatibility with your soil and local climate.

The most sought-after ornamental cultivars

Beyond botanical species, the horticultural market offers numerous cultivars selected for specific characteristics: shape, size, disease resistance, or growth rate. These cultivars constitute a significant portion of the linden varieties available from nurseries.

• Tilia cordata 'Erecta' : very upright habit, ideal for narrow rows and urban gardens.
• Tilia cordata 'Greenspire' : regular growth, pyramidal shape, widely used in rows.
• Tilia platyphyllos 'Rubra' : bright red young branches in winter, very decorative.
• Tilia × europaea 'Pallida' : slender habit, large leaves, widely used in avenues.
• Tilia tomentosa 'Brabant' : regular conical shape, very drought resistant, silvery foliage.
• Tilia mongolica : Asian species with small, cut leaves, rarer but very ornamental.

The choice between these cultivars depends primarily on your available space, your soil type, and the desired visual effect. To compare prices and availability for different varieties, consult our guide on linden tree prices.

How to distinguish the varieties of linden tree in the field?

Identifying different varieties of linden trees in the wild requires some practice, but a few simple criteria will help you quickly identify them. Observing the leaves, flowers, and fruit is sufficient in most cases.

• Leaf size : small in Tilia cordata, large in Tilia platyphyllos, intermediate in Tilia × europaea.
• The underside of the leaves : whitish tufts in Tilia cordata, reddish-brown in Tilia platyphyllos, entirely silvery and downy in Tilia tomentosa.
• Flowering period : Tilia platyphyllos flowers first (June), followed by Tilia cordata, then Tilia tomentosa (July).
• The fruits : ribbed and hard in Tilia platyphyllos, smooth and fragile in Tilia cordata.
• Suckers at the base : numerous in Tilia × europaea, rare in parent species.

To deepen your knowledge of the biology and general characteristics of this plant, our article on the linden tree as a plant will provide you with additional information.

Which variety should I choose for herbal tea?

If you wish to harvest flowers to prepare infusions, the choice of linden variety is important. Not all linden varieties are equally suitable for this purpose.

The two species recommended for herbal tea are Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos. These two species have a long history of use in traditional European herbal medicine. Their dried flowers, along with the bracts, are the parts used to prepare infusions.

Silver linden (Tilia tomentosa) is not recommended for this purpose due to the potential effects of its flowers on pollinating insects, and as a precaution for consumers. To choose the best variety for your needs, read our guide on which linden to choose for herbal tea.

Comparative table of the main varieties of linden

Linden varieties and biodiversity: a remarkable collection

The richness of linden varieties is such that specialized collections exist in France. The park of the Château de Regnière-Écluse, in the Somme region, houses the largest collection of linden trees in France, with more than sixty species and varieties represented. These collections help preserve the genetic diversity of the genus Tilia and allow for the study of differences between species.

This diversity is also an asset for gardeners and landscape designers, who can choose from a wide range of shapes, sizes, and growth habits to suit their needs. A weeping linden, a dwarf cultivar, or a variegated species can create very different decorative effects in the same garden.

Preserving these linden varieties is also ecologically important. Linden trees are major honey trees, whose flowers provide a valuable food source for bees and many other pollinating insects. Diversifying the planted species helps extend the flowering period and supports local biodiversity.

Planting a linden tree: practical advice depending on the variety

Each variety of linden tree has its own specific requirements regarding soil, exposure, and space. Before planting, it is essential to carefully assess your land and any constraints.

• Soil : Most linden trees adapt to cool, deep, and well-drained soils. Tilia tomentosa tolerates dry soils and hot summers better.
• Exposure : Linden trees appreciate full sun or partial shade. Avoid overly shady locations.
• Space : A mature linden tree can occupy a considerable amount of space. Choose a cultivar suited to the size of your garden.
• Proximity to buildings : linden tree roots can be invasive. Maintain a sufficient distance from foundations and pipes.
• Planting period : Autumn and early spring are the best times to plant a young linden tree.

To find out the best time of year to plant your linden tree, consult our guide on when to plant a linden tree. And if you're wondering about the distance to respect from your house, our article on planting a linden tree near a house answers all your questions.

Medicinal uses according to the varieties of linden

The medicinal uses of linden are deeply rooted in European tradition. The flowers, bracts, and sometimes the sapwood are used in herbal medicine. However, not all varieties of linden are used in the same way.

Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos are the two species primarily mentioned in pharmacopoeias and traditional herbal medicine texts. Their dried flowers are used to prepare infusions believed to have calming and relaxing properties. Linden sapwood, mainly from Tilia cordata, is also used in decoctions in some traditions.

If you are taking medication, consult a pharmacist or doctor before using linden preparations. Data on interactions between linden and medications is limited, and a healthcare professional is best placed to advise you based on your individual situation.

Frequently asked questions about linden varieties

How many varieties of linden tree are there in the world?

The genus Tilia comprises several dozen species distributed across Europe, Asia, and North America. In France, two native species— Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos —are primarily cultivated, along with their hybrids and numerous ornamental cultivars. The collection at the Château de Regnière-Écluse in the Somme region boasts over sixty different varieties, giving an idea of ​​the genus's diversity.

What is the difference between Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos?

Tilia cordata has smaller leaves and flowers later (July), while Tilia platyphyllos has large leaves and flowers as early as June. The underside of the leaves also helps to distinguish them: whitish tufts in Tilia cordata, reddish-brown in Tilia platyphyllos. Both species are used in herbal teas, but their harvest times differ slightly.

Can all varieties of linden be used to make herbal teas?

No. The recommended linden varieties for herbal tea are Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos. Silver linden (Tilia tomentosa) is not recommended for this purpose as a precaution. For other species and cultivars, it is best to consult a healthcare professional or herbalist before using them in infusions.

What is the hybrid linden tree Tilia × europaea?

Tilia × europaea is a natural hybrid between Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos. It is one of the most widely planted linden varieties in European parks and avenues. It is recognizable by its numerous suckers at the base of the trunk and its intermediate characteristics between the two parent species. It is very vigorous and adapts to a wide range of conditions.

How to identify a silver linden tree in relation to other species?

The silver linden (Tilia tomentosa) is easily recognizable by the underside of its leaves, which are entirely covered in a dense, white down, giving it a very characteristic silvery appearance. It flowers later than other European species, generally in July. It is one of the most drought-resistant linden varieties.

Which variety of linden tree should I choose for a small garden?

For a small garden, choose a cultivar with a narrow or moderately growing habit. Tilia cordata 'Erecta' or 'Greenspire' are excellent choices thanks to their upright form and compact size. Avoid vigorous species like Tilia platyphyllos or Tilia americana, which require a lot of space to thrive.

Is the small-leaved linden the best for herbal medicine?

Tilia cordata is the species most frequently cited in traditional European herbal medicine texts. Its dried flowers have long been used to prepare soothing infusions. Tilia platyphyllos is also used. For any medicinal use, consult a healthcare professional, who can advise you according to your specific situation.

Which varieties of linden tree are the most drought-resistant?

Silver linden (Tilia tomentosa) and its cultivar 'Brabant' are the most drought-tolerant and hot-summer-tolerant linden varieties. They are therefore particularly well-suited to Mediterranean regions or urban areas where urban heat islands are common. Tilia × europaea also exhibits good resistance to harsh conditions.

Can several varieties of linden be planted together?

Yes, planting several varieties of linden trees together in the same space is perfectly possible and even has advantages. It extends the flowering period, provides a longer nectar source for pollinating insects, and creates a varied visual effect. Just be sure to respect the planting distances required for each species.

What is the name of the bract of the linden tree and what is its purpose?

The bract is a modified, elongated, pale green leaf to which the flower stalk is attached. It plays a role in fruit dispersal and, along with the flowers, constitutes the part harvested to prepare herbal teas. The bract is present in all varieties of linden in the genus Tilia.

What is the lifespan of a linden tree depending on the variety?

Linden trees are remarkably long-lived. Some specimens of Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos can live for several centuries. Ornamental cultivars generally have a shorter lifespan than the botanical species, but they are still very long-lived trees on a human timescale. Longevity also depends on soil and climate conditions.

Are there any varieties of linden tree with variegated or colored foliage?

Yes, some cultivars have unusual foliage. Tilia platyphyllos 'Rubra' is distinguished by its bright red young shoots in winter, which are very decorative. There are also weeping forms or those with slightly tinted foliage. These cultivars are less common in nurseries but can be found at ornamental tree specialists.

Key takeaways

There are many varieties of linden, each with its own advantages. For use in herbal teas, Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos remain the essential choices. For ornamental purposes or urban plantings, cultivars such as 'Greenspire', 'Brabant', or 'Erecta' offer solutions suited to every space and climate.

Before choosing your linden variety, assess your soil, available space, and primary use. A specialist nursery can help you make the best choice for your situation. And for any medicinal use, always consult a healthcare professional.

Concrete action: Visit a local nursery to compare the varieties of linden available in your region, and do not hesitate to ask for advice on the species or cultivar best suited to your garden and your needs.